HISTORY IS MADE IN PRESENTISM

A codex is a handwritten book made from sheets of papyrus, parchment, or vellum bound together. Unlike scrolls, bound books have individual pages bound together at one edge, allowing the reader to write on both sides and easily find specific passages. The gradual replacement of scrolls with bound books is considered the most significant advancement in bookmaking before the invention of the printing press. The spread of codices is linked to the Bible. It is said that the first bound book appeared from the Roman poet Martial in the first century AD with his work Liber Spectaculorum. However, these short poems are only confirmed to have survived through specific medieval anthologies and excerpts. An epigram is a short, clever, often witty or satirical, or short poem. Interestingly, the term “epigram” is first recorded in English as being used in the mid-15th century, originating from the Merriam-Webster dictionary definition. However, Noah Webster published his first dictionary, “A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language,” in 1806.

Thus, the term was born thousands of years later to validate historical evidence that occurred thousands of years ago. To find a satisfactory answer, consider the history written in today’s media about the bound book called the Giga Codex or Giant Book. History first mentioned this name in 1295. The book, weighing 74.8 kg, has never been indirectly mentioned in any other item. The content explicitly stated in the manuscript is that the book was written by Benedictine monks at the Podlazice monastery in what is now Croatia. It was mortgaged to another monastery in Sedlec in 1295.

Modern writers follow in the footsteps of the old craft, using the term “metadata” to honor this codex. Giga Codex manuscript notes both the Old and New Testaments using the Vulgate version, The Antiquities of the Jews and The Jewish War by Flavius ​​Josephus, Isidore of Seville’s encyclopedia Etymologies and the medical textbook collection Ars medicinae, The Chronicle of the Bohemians by Cosmas of Prague, a local calendar, lists of saints, and local death dates. What is unbelievable but clearly stated to be true is a striking full-page portrait of the Devil, alongside a collection of protective spells and healing magic formulas meant to cure diseases. Lucifer is illustrated on page 577, crouched, painted with green skin, scales, four fingers and toes, large red horns, and two long red tongues protruding from his mouth. The illustration sits directly opposite a drawing of the Heavenly City. Rather than celebrating the Devil, this contrast was apparently to visibly show the stark choice between salvation and damnation.

Presentism is a concept meaning a historical error of judging past events using modern standards. Evaluating a historical event using the standards, mindset, or context of modern times known as historical modernization or presentism is essentially a flawed perspective that easily leads to the distortion or misrepresentation of the nature of the past. Each historical event takes place within a completely different economic, political, cultural, and social context. This approach often separates people from the actual circumstances of that time, causing history to be distorted.

WORD STUDY

In English, a verb can be either “stative,” expressing a state, or “action,” describing an action. Stative verbs are not used with the continuous tense while action verbs are. However, a verb that is both stative and action requires learners to be able to distinguish between them based on the context. Of course, they can use dictionaries for reference; but not all dictionaries provide this crucial information. Therefore, learners need Google, and to date, Google has been unable to do so. Furthermore, this clear distinction is only for humans; machine learning cannot handle it. As a result, Google Translate has incorrectly translated many cases using complex sentence structures like “when” or “while” in the present, past, and future. Due to a lack of in-depth grammatical knowledge, users of Google Translate believe their translations are correct, but they are actually wrong. A noteworthy point is that almost none of the millions of English grammar related websites fail to address this issue.

A. WHICH IS RIGHT OR WRONG?

1. Who is calling me a monster? Why are they calling police?
2. How is this soup tasting? Why is he tasting this soup?
3. What are you hearing? Are you hearing a lot of noise?
4. How are you feeling? What are you feeling in your work?
5. How is she lookng? How is she looking for a facebooker?
6. Is he seeing what I say? What is he seeing in the house?
7. Who is knowing this country? Who is knowing where this country is?
8. Whom are you thinking me? What are you thinking about AI?
9. Why are they believing me honest? Why are they believing that I am a honest person?
10. How are you judging these friends? How are the lawyers judging the case?

B. TELL WHICH IS STATIVE OR DYNAMIC

1. He is young. He is being difficult now.
2. I think him good. I think about what I will do. I think that this is a good idea.
3. Do you feel happy? I feel a soft fabric.
4. He judges me good. He judged in the court yesterday.
5. He weighed the issue complicated. He weight the bag 1 kg.
6. This food tasted delicious, He had tasted the soup before eating.
7. I see her smarter. I see him tomorrow.
8. He looks courageous. He looked for courage in us.
9. I have known him for a long time. I am knowing how to deal with him.
10. He was reckoned honest in working. He was reckoned the first in the group.
11. She is trusted candid in the letter. She is trusted working well in the office.
12. I guess him staying home. What are you guessing?
13. I agree with you. I assent his proposal. I consent him represent me in the meeting.
14. I believe him have good capacity. I assume him capable of taking the duty.
15. I can hear him sing. I hear the news from him. I can listen to him clearly.
16. She has a great job. I have a great time at the party.
17. The coffee smells good. I am smelling the coffee to see how flavor it is.
18. The flower scents the air. I scent the atmosphere dannger for an attack.
19. The painting touches realism. I touch the painting.
20. I own a house. I own up to a mistake.