PROSOPOGRAPHY NOT MUCH KNOWN IN MANY COUNTRIES

THE TERM “PROSOPOGRAPHY “ APPEARD IN 1971

 

Just a touch of button could help you avail more information on any interest lying in Ice Age megafauna, Ancient Egyptian diets, or tent-making practices in the Mongolian steppe. But, finding accurate information has become far more difficult. Why has there been a plummet in trust in academic institutions, scholars, and independent sources of accurate information even encyclopedia?

 

Archaeology is said to tell us virtually nothing about the Israelites in Egypt, where Moses is reported to have been a Hebrew as an Egyptian prince, leading about 2 million Israelites out of slavery in Egypt. This event led to the destruction of all or part of the Egyptian army.Most of these ancient books even the Book of Enoch, the Book of Revelation were focused on the topics that are familiar to Christians today- salvation, the promise of a Messiah, final judgment, prophecy, and resurrection. Henceforth, in today education system most are taught that Africa had no great empires. In North America most courses only have room for a precious few civilizations to be covered. Certain groups’ history has been prioritized over others. Only Ancient Egypt/Greece/Rome, Medieval Europe, Colonial North America, WWI, WWII, and the Cold War take center stage.

Prosopography is an investigation of the common characteristics of a group of people, whose individual biographies may be largely untraceable. Social historians have adopted prosopography, an approach once geared to the study of ancient history, to studying social groups in eras of medieval, modern, and contemporary history when data are scarce and written sources are unavailable, or the archive is sparse or missing. To strike up a conversation with someone did most mention the ancient books that are not a literal representation of what happened in antiquity. These texts have a lot of mythology that was meant to bring forward as the topics having their true historical genre.

Contemporary historical research is based on Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen as widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century. He received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature for his historical writings, including The History of Rome. For the first time, he made a comprehensive understanding of life in the ancient world possible relying on the one-sidedly literary tradition . Britanica says he readily acknowledged himself to be a disciple of the historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr. Barthold Georg Niebuhr (born Aug. 27, 1776, Copenhagen, Denmark—died Jan. 31, 1831, Bonn, Prussia) was a German historian who wrote Römische Geschichte, 3 vol. (1811–32; History of Rome), placing a momentous influence on the general conception of history. It was Theodor Mommsen, who abandoned the idea of writing the fourth volume, which was to contain the history of the emperors. Mommsen couldn’t have acquired full of the nonliterary sources—the inscriptions and coins for its depiction.

Thereafter, Friedrich Münzer (22 April 1868 – 20 October 1942) was a German classical scholar noted for the development of prosopography, particularly for his demonstrations of how family relationships in ancient Rome connected to political struggles. British historian Lawrence Stone (1919–1999) brought the term to general attention in an explanatory article in 1971 although it had been used as early as 1897 with the publication of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani by German scholars. The Prosopographia Imperii Romani, abbreviated PIR, is a collective historical work to establish the prosopography of high-profile people from the Roman Empire. The final volume of the second edition, PIR2, vol. IX, V–Z, appeared in November 2015.

A definitive study of the procuratorships of Pliny was compiled by the classical scholar Friedrich Münzer, which was reasserted by Ronald Syme and became a standard reference point.  Ronald Syme (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was regarded as the greatest historian of ancient Rome since Theodor Mommsen. His great work was The Roman Revolution (1939), a masterly and controversial analysis of Roman political life.

Until now, prosopography has gone further with In Search of the First Venetians: Prosopography of Early Medieval Venice (Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 41) Hardcover – October 14, 2014 by Luigi Andrea Berto (Author). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 1, AD 260–395 by A. H. M. Jones (Author), J. R. Martindale (Author), J. Morris (Author). Prosopography of the Byzantine World (1204–1261) in the Light of Bulgarian Sources by Dimiter G. Angelov.

THE WALL WHERE PROTOSOGRAPHY IS DRIVEN UP

 

The Netflix’s series Ancient Apocalypse in 2022 has circulated the myth of Pohnpei, a mountainous island in the Pacific. It was built 20,000 years old and by a race of superhumans who had a widespread civilization during the last ice age. Nonethelessly, some of the oldest buildings in the city have been reliably radiocarbon-dated to 1180 CE.

 

The Longyou Grottoes in China date back 212BC. Over 30 caves have been discovered since they were first found in 1992. But there is no record of them being made. In fact, no one knows who built them or for what reason. The walled complex Saksaywaman made of limestone, pieced together without water is in Peru. The question remains how the ancient Incas managed to lift the stones and piece them together so perfectly that a sheet of paper won’t fit between the cracks.

 

According to Wikipedia, modern scholars are dubious of Camillus’ supposed exploits and believe many of temples and shrines them related to The Temple of Concordia in the south coast of Sicily, Italy are wrongly attributed or otherwise wholly fictitious. This temple was converted into a Christian basilica in the 6th century dedicated to the apostles Peter and Paul by San Gregorio delle Rape, bishop of Agrigento and thus survived the destruction of pagan places of worship. The Prince of Torremuzza began restoration of the classic building in 1788.

 

The Rialto Bridge has been rebuilt several times since its first construction as a pontoon bridge in 1173. It was replaced in 1255 by a wooden bridge. It was partly burnt in the revolt led by Bajamonte Tiepolo in 1310. The plot against the Doge led to the creation of the Council of Ten, initially as a temporary institution, but later evolved into a permanent body. In 1444, it collapsed under the weight of a crowd rushing to see the marriage of the Marquis of Ferrara and it collapsed again in 1524. The present construction began in 1588 and was completed in 1591.

 

Gobekli Tepe located in South Eastern Turkey and made be the oldest temple discovered so far was nearly 11,000 years old with their unknown worship. The Yonaguni Momument underwater pyramid discovered off the coast of Japan in 1986 remains a mystery. The Unfinished Obelisk, the largest stone ever quarried, about 137 feet tall, never raised from the groun, located in Egypt is making an unknown shock. Neither is much about the city mound of the dead Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan a dating back to third millennium BC. No one knows the purpose of the structure Gateway of the Sun, cut from a single stone, in Bolivia dates back to around 14,000 BC.

 

No one knows for sure what its original purpose of the ancient 18-storey underground city in the Nevşehir Province of Turkey’s Central Anatolia region, in the historical area of Cappadocia was. It can shelter around 20,000 people and had areas for sleeping, stables, wells, kitchens, ventilation shafts, tombs, communal rooms, bathrooms, schools and also had access to fresh flowing water. Its complex security system consists of gigantic rolling stone doors that could close from the inside, preventing intruders from entering.

 

THE MYTH OF THE CHINESE WALL

 

None of the Europeans who visited China or Mongolia in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Marco Polo, Odoric of Pordenone and Giovanni de’ Marignolli, mentioned the Great Wall. The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty c. 1346 could find no one who had either seen the Wall or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they were not significant. Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century.

 

Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the “Tartars” (i.e. Mongols) may be the one contained in João de Barros’s 1563 Asia. Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goes, Matteo Ricci, and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza, the latter in 1585 describing it as a “superbious and mightie work” of architecture, though he had not seen it. Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India. Early European accounts slid into the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming walls were the same ones that were built by the first emperor in the 3rd century BC.

 

A formal definition of what constitutes a “Great Wall” has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety. The defensive lines contain multiple stretches of ramparts, trenches and ditches, as well as individual fortresses. In March and April 2015, nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km (6 mi), believed to be part of the Great Wall, were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province. Parts have been destroyed to make way for construction or mining. Portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the wall is in disrepair. In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete. The work has been much criticized.

 

Even though the myth that the Great Wall can be seen with the naked eye from space is thoroughly debunked, it has been still ingrained in popular culture. The myth appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley (7 November 1687 – 3 March 1765), an Anglican clergyman, a freemason in 1771, published over twenty books on archaeology and stonehedge. This myth also appeared in the 1932 strip of Ripley’s Believe It or Not!. Wiki says that the astronauts testifying to its visibility from space include Gene Cernan and Ed Lu; Yang Liwei, China’s first astronaut, who stated that he had not been able to see it. In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting of its visibility from an altitude of 160 and 320 km (100 and 200 mi); the image was actually of a river in Beijing.

 

16 SYNONYMS TO ABOVE-BOARD

 

The company’s dealings have all times been _______________.

1. open (as it’s easy to take)

Readily set to action

2. candid (without any doubt)

Openly revealing its true identity

3. frank (upon its mission)

Clear in expression

4. straight (from the shoulder)

In accordance with facts or standards

5. straightforward (confirmed in this report)

Lacking artificiality

6. forthright (done in competition)

Performed according to the rules

7. direct (in negotiation)

Without interfering factors

8. guileless (despite any allegation)

Overtly trusting in nature

9. undeceiving (statistics)

Free from deception

10. undeceptive (depending on the principle)

Deserving of trust

11. undeceitful (riders in the race)

Having unsuspecting nature

12. artless (until a high revenue came about)

Displaying no cunning

13. honest (as for serving a non-profit group)

Exactly as claimed

14. honourable (in surviving such a bankcruptcy)

Displaying a reputation for bravery

15. genuine (to be called one of the best benchmark)

Exactly real as what it appears to be

16. above-board (as those brief remarks said)

Open and not concealed

 

8 SYNONYMS TO ACCOMMODATE

 

The dealer has tried his best to _____________the equipment.

1. accommodate (in case of losing its market)

To treat with care

2. suit (to the customer’s needs)

To fit in with the needs of

3. fit (to interior decoration)

To be in agreement with

4. adapt (to the new market targets)

To fit by alteration

5. adjust (properly for higher efficieny)

To put securely in place

6. modify (consistently into the old assembly line)

To change in some way

7. customize (to the latest competitor’s threat)

To alter to fit requirements

8. supply (to the utmost capacity)

To yield as result of effort

15 SYNONYMS TO GO

 

1. The plan goes well. (proceed)
2. The plan goes faster than we think. (start)
3. The plan goes on the good way. (occur)
4. The plan goes within reach. (extend)
5. The plan goes confidently. (develop)
6. The plan goes fit. (correspond)
7. The plan goes bust. (collapse)
8. The plan goes worse. (fall)
9. The plan goes steady. (stand)
10. The plan goes past. (elapse)
11. The plan goes for campaign. (contribute)
12. The plan goes to the Board. (approve)
13. The plan goes for risk. (face)
14. The plan goes for years. (endure)
15. The plan goes after sports.(suit)